Compendium of scientific, medical and media findings demonstrating risks and harms of fracking
Veröffentlicht: 5. April 2015 Abgelegt unter: Anthony Ingraffea: FACTs on FRACKING, fracking / shale gaz | Tags: Air pollution, Carmi Orenstein, climate system, Concerned Health Professionals of New York, Directional drilling (Richtbohrtechnik), Earthquakes, FACC, Flood risks, High frac fluid volumes, Inherent engineering problems, light pollution, Multi Well Pads, Noise pollution, Occupational health, Public Health Effects, Radioactive releases, safety hazards, seismic activity, soil quality, Threats to agriculture, Water contamination Hinterlasse einen KommentarCompendium of scientific, medical and media findings
demonstrating risks and harms of fracking
2nd edition – December 11, 2014
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About This Report
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The Compendium is a fully referenced compilation of the significant body of scientific, medical and journalistic findings demonstrating risks and harms of fracking.
Organized to be accessible to public officials, researchers, journalists and the public at large, the Compendium succinctly summarizes key studies and other findings relevant to the ongoing public debate about unconventional methods of oil and gas extraction.
The Compendium should be used by readers to grasp the scope of the information about both public health and safety concerns and the economic realities of fracking that frame these concerns. The reader who wants to delve deeper can easily consult the reviews, studies, and articles referenced.
In addition, the Compendium is complemented by a fully searchable, near-exhaustive citation database of peer-reviewed journal articles pertaining to shale gas and oil extraction, housed at the PSE Healthy Energy scientific literature database.
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The pace at which new studies and information are emerging has rapidly accelerated in the past year and a half:
the first few months of 2014 saw more studies published on the health effects of fracking than all studies published in 2011 and 2012 combined.
In accordance, the Compendium is organized in reverse chronological order, with the most recent information first.
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In our review of the data, sixteen compelling themes emerged: these serve as the organizational structure of the Compendium. The document opens with sections on two of the most acute threats—air pollution and water contamination—and ends with medical and scientific calls for more study and transparency. Readers will quickly notice the ongoing upsurge in reported problems and health impacts, making each section top-heavy with recent data.
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The Compendium focuses on topics most closely related to the public health and safety impacts of unconventional gas and oil drilling and fracking. Many additional risks and harms arise from associated infrastructure and industrial activities that necessarily accompany drilling and fracking operations. These include pipelines, compressor stations, oil trains, sand mining operations, cryogenic and liquefaction facilities, processing and fractionation complexes, import/export terminals, and so forth. While impacts from infrastructure are critically important to public health and safety and while the Compendium refers to these impacts in certain instances when studies covered have also addressed them, a detailed accounting of these ancillary impacts are not included in this document.
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Given the rapidly expanding body of evidence related to the harms and risks of unconventional oil and gas extraction, we plan to revise and update the Compendium approximately every six months. It is a living document, housed on the Concerned Health Professionals of New York website, and serves as an educational tool in the public and policy dialogue. The studies cited in this second edition are current through early December 2014.
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The Compendium is not a funded project; it was written utilizing the benefit of the experience and expertise of numerous health professionals and scientists who have been involved in this issue for years.
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We welcome your feedback and comments.
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Sheila Bushkin-Bedient, MD, MPH
Larysa Dyrszka, MD
Yuri Gorby, PhD
Mary Menapace, RN
Kathleen Nolan, MD, MSL
Carmi Orenstein, MPH
Barton Schoenfeld, MD, FACC
Sandra Steingraber, PhD
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Please cite this report as: Concerned Health Professionals of New York. (2014, December 11).
Compendium of scientific, medical, and media findings demonstrating risks and harms of fracking (unconventional gas and oil extraction) (2nd ed.).
http://concernedhealthny.org/compendium/
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About Concerned Health Professionals of New York
Concerned Health Professionals of New York (CHPNY) is an initiative by health professionals, scientists and medical organizations for raising science-based concerns about the impacts of fracking on public health and safety. CHPNY provides educational resources and works to ensure that careful consideration of the science and health impacts are at the forefront of the fracking debate. http://concernedhealthny.org
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Table of Contents
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Executive Summary
Air pollution
Water contamination
Inherent engineering problems that worsen with time
Radioactive releases
Occupational health and safety hazards
Public Health Effects, Measured Directly
Noise pollution, light pollution and stress
Earthquakes and seismic activity
Abandoned and active oil and natural gas wells (as pathways for gas and fluid migration)
Flood risks
Threats to agriculture and soil quality
Threats to the climate system
Inaccurate jobs claims, increased crime rates, threats to property value and mortgages and local government burden
Inflated estimates of oil and gas reserves and profitability
Disclosure of serious risks to investors
Medical and scientific calls for more study and more transparency
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Source: Concerned Health Professionals of New York – PDF [103 pages]
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Prof. Anthony Ingraffea: FACTs on FRACKING:
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Prof. Ingraffea verfügt über mehr als 30 Jahre Berufserfahrung im Bereich Strukturmechanik. Nach eigenen Angaben hat er sich in seiner Forschung auf die Computersimulationen und die physikalischen Tests von komplexen Bruchprozessen konzentriert. Er hat unter anderem Artikel in der renommierten Zeitschrift „Nature“ über die Nebenwirkungen des „Frackings“ publiziert.
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Im Vortrag geht er zunächst auf die Frage ein, warum das „Fracking“-Verfahren speziell bei der Förderung von Schiefergas eine unkonventionelle Technik zur Erschließung von Erdgas ist. Denn im Unterschied zur konventionellen Erschließung müssen 4 relativ neue Technologien miteinander kombiniert werden.
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Dies sind:
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1. Directional drilling (Richtbohrtechnik)
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2. High frac fluid volumes
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3. Slickwater
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4. Multi Well Pads
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Zusammenfassung
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Wenn Fracking einen nennenswerten Beitrag zur Erdgasversorgung liefern soll,
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benötigt man eine sehr hohe Bohrdichte, viele Bohrungen pro Quadratkilometer,
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werden viele industrielle Anlagen über sehr große Landgebiete verteilt. Es wird mit schwerem Gerät gearbeitet, das rund um die Uhr im Einsatz ist, wobei die oberirdische Lärm- und Schadstoffemission durch die riesigen Maschinen nicht zu unterschätzen ist. Außerdem steigt durch die große Anzahl dieser Anlagen die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Unfällen, bei denen gefährliche Substanzen in die Umwelt gelangen können.
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braucht man sehr große Fracking-Fluidmengen. Mehrere Tausend Kubikmeter pro Bohrung, wodurch sehr große Abwasser- und Feststoffmengen entstehen, die entsorgt werden müssen. Diese Mengen enthalten zum Teil sehr giftige Substanzen. Dazu zählen natürlich vorkommende radioaktive Substanzen und flüchtige organische Verbindungen.
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können große Mengen an flüchtigem Methan entstehen, wobei Methan etwa 20- bis 100-mal klimaschädlicher ist als CO2 (je nachdem welche Aufenthaltszeit des Methans in der Atmosphäre unterstellt wird)
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Die Technik führt neben den Methan-Emissionen in die Atmosphäre auch zu lokalen Verschmutzungsrisiken:
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Erdgas, Bohrspülung und Salzwasser können in manchen Fällen entlang des Bohrstrangs nach oben migrieren,
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Erdgas, Frac-Fluid und „Produktionswasser“ kann eventuell durch die gefrackte Formation nach oben migrieren.
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Bis die Produktionsphase beginnt, kommt ein Gas-/Liquid-/Fracking-Fluid-Gemisch aus dem Bohrloch, bei dem es technisch kaum möglich ist, die Gase abzutrennen. Daraus folgen enorme Emissionen in den ersten Wochen.